Thomsonite Crystals
About Thomsonite crystals
Before 1997, thomsonite was thought to be one mineral, but a reclassification by the International Mineralogical Association recognized two different minerals:
- Thomsonite-Ca |( Ca2Na)(H2O)6| [Al5Si5O20]
- Thomsonite-Sr |((Sr,Ca)2Na)(H2O)6| [Al5Si5O20]
Thomsonite-Ca, by far the more common of the two, is a hydrous sodium, calcium, and aluminum silicate, NaCa2Al5Si5O20·6H2O.
The two species are visually indistinguishable and the series name thomsonite is used whenever testing has not been performed.
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The Geology of the Indian Deccan Traps.
The Deccan Traps is one of the largest volcanic features on Earth. It consists of numerous layers of solidified flood basalt that together are more than about 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) thick. Today it covers an area of about 500,000 square kilometers (200,000 sq mi), and has a volume of about 1,000,000 cubic kilometres (200,000 cu mi).
The term trap is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (trapp) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region. The name Deccan has Sanskrit origins meaning “southern”.
The Deccan Traps began forming 66.25 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, when lava began to extrude through fissures in the crust known as fissure eruptions. This series of eruptions may have lasted for less than 30,000 years.
The release of volcanic gases, particularly sulfur dioxide, during the formation of the traps may have contributed to climate change. An average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) was recorded during this period.
Work published in 2014 by geologist Gerta Keller and others on the timing of the Deccan volcanism suggests the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event may have been caused by both the volcanism at the Deccan traps and the Chicxulub impact event in North America, which would have produced a sunlight-blocking dust cloud that killed much of the plant life and reduced global temperature (this cooling is called an impact winter).
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